Research proposal Example

Essays on Research proposal Coursework AC2040: Individual research proposal Module Research in Accounting and Finance Module AC2040 Assignment Impact of the financial crisis on MA in the UK Student No: u0905794 Content page 1.0 Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 1.1 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 1.2 problem statement †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 2.1 Primary objectives of the research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 2.2 Motivation for study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 3.1 Research objectives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 4. Research questions and/or research hypotheses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6 5. A review of the relevant literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 6. The importance of the proposed research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 6.1 Reasons behind the failure of mergers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 6.2 Benefits of some mergers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 7. The proposed research design, method of data collection and analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 7.1 Method of Collecting data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 1.0 Abstract. This research proposal project is mainly aimed at the reasons behind the failure of merger and acquisition in light of the current recession, one of the key reason companies implement merger and acquisition for the faster growth or to expand the business in the home or foreign countries, many companies has already succeeded through ME, however there are also many companies failed to achieve expansion of their business. This report looks at the reason behind these failures of ME because of recession and also looks at how any external macroeconomic factor affect the success of ME. for this research purpose secondary data have been used. Successful ME and failed ME are analyzed to identify key factors of mergers; final part of this report suggests the issues need to be considered before agreeing to merger and acquisition. 1.1 Introduction. Research is defined is a process to increase or revise current knowledge by discovering information or to reach a conclusion. Research can be used for many purpose, such as, to identify if there is a need for new product, find out employee motivation, or it can be used to find out if a project is going to be a success or failure etc. the finding in this research will be used by various stakeholders once it concluded, therefore, if it is essential that the researcher uses accurate data to arrive at conclusion 1.2 Problem statement. This report is designed to identify mains reason behind merger and acquisition failure and the macro factors affects the success of merger and acquisition, what management should do before making merger and acquisition agreement. 2.1 Primary objectives of the research. Primary objective: The main goals of this research is research in merger and acquisition area and identify and investigate main reasons behind the failure of merger and acquisition, especial attention will be given to newly acquired merger and acquisition companies to identify their success or failure behind ME, under this objective this research paper is going to consider the disadvantages of these mergers. Another primary objective is the secrete success behind some merger, by this this research paper is going to look into, adversely the advantages of mergers and acquisition, 2.2 Motivation for study Mergers and acquisitions are the common growth strategy that the organization are adapting to expand the business, the companies are expecting synergy effects in considering the mergers and acquisition, however there are many mergers and acquisition failed to achieve the desired objectives. This research is undertaken to find out why the mergers and acquisition fails, and the impact on the origination as a result of mergers and acquisitions 3.1 Research objectives Secondary objective would be to analyze the macro economic factors that contribute to the failure of ME, under this objective I am going to consider some of the possible solutions to the problems that results into failure. Another secondary objective is to consider the secrets of success to most mergers, give some of the macro-economic factors behind the success of failure of some mergers. 4. Research questions and/or research hypotheses Before we venture deeply in this research paper, it is rather very prudent to come up with some of the relevant research question that we expect to be answered by the end of these researches. Below are some of the research questions. Research questions 1. Some of the main reasons behind the formation of most mergers and acquisition? 2. What are the reasons behind the failure of some mergers and acquisition? 3. What are some of the reasons for success for most mergers and acquisition? 4. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of some mergers and acquisition? 5. A review of the relevant literature. An online article by finance.mapsofworld.com about the reason behind the formation of most mergers and acquisition. Mergers and acquisitions and the takeovers have constantly kept interest of most economists and scientist alive. Most Mergers might prove very beneficial varying on the strategies they adopt, but it is very inappropriate to conclude that all mergers are successful. There exist several reasons for the formation of mergers and takeovers. For example, one specific company might be very good at the administration as compared to another company which is good at operations or marketing strategies. If the two expertise are is amalgamated, the result is a superb synergy. New company is initiated as a result, having potential higher and very superior to the individual companies previously. Through the application of the rules of synergy efficiently, merger can be a success. Other reasons for the formation of most mergers include: To enhancing company productivity. A general tendency, that the companies merging would monopolize the whole market, thus ousting others. Some are formed due to Political factors. In order to trim down subsequent expenses and elevating the revenues. To improve sufficiency to operate. Most Hindrances are always in the form of inadequate investment capacity, stiff competition as a result of the company that are unable to keep pace with the other competing companies. In that case, the subsidiaries might find it wise to merge with their parent company for better productions. 6. The importance of the proposed research. There exists several importance and relevancies of this research; first of all, it looks at the reasons behind the failure of many mergers, the success behind some of the mergers, the advantages of mergers, the disadvantages of mergers. First this research paper will consider the above importance in the nature of their sequence. Reasons behind the failure of mergers Ignorance as the companies to a merger or rather the acquisition are not able to exchange commercially delicate information earlier to before the formation of the common ownership, there exist enough critically significant and legally tolerable preparation work in order to sustain an integration team occupied for many months just before the day one. Team resourcing, the Resource that are always required are more often than not underestimated. It might take three to four months in order to release the champ players from the subsequent business to link the integration team, discover a backfill for the parties, assign contractors to seal the gaps and the set up the contractors infrastructure. Almost all the mergers start this too late and are not prepared to work on it once that deal is considered completed. Poor governance, Absence or lack of clarity as to the party who should decide what, and no clarified problem resolution criteria. By Integrating organizations, a myriad of issues are brought up which need proper and timely resolution otherwise the project might come to a sudden halt. To add on that the author of the article states clear is that: speed matters, not unless with a prudent decision making process. Weak leadership by bringing together two organizations can be compared to sailing through a very heinous storm: one need a very strong and competent captain, one whom everyone trusts to lead the ship to the prescribed destination, one who projects energy, clarity, enthusiasm, and communicates that energy to its passengers. Benefits of some mergers Benefits of MA are manifold. M A can and do generate a lot of cost efficiency via the economies of scale, and can and do improve revenue via gain in the market share and through tax gains. Some of the principal benefits from MA can as well be listed as an elevated value generation, elevation in the cost efficiency and notable increase in the market share Greater Value Generation, M A frequently concludes into an increased value generation for the common ownership. It is an expectation that shareholder value of the firm that merged be higher more than the the entire sum of shareholder values of the mother companies. Generally speaking MA do succeed in the generation of cost efficiency via the implementation of the economies of scale. Gaining Cost Efficiency as the parties come together through MA, the resultant company does enjoy the benefit in terms of the cost efficiency. Increase in the cost efficiency is interfered with through the procedure of MA. This is as a result of mergers lead to the enjoyment of the economies of scale. This as a result enhances the cost efficiency. While the mother firms amalgamate forming bigger new firm their economic scale of their operations of the resultant firm increases. While the output production elevates there exists possibilities of the cost per unit of production coming down 7. The proposed research design, method of data collection and analysis. I have categorized the research data into primary and secondary data. I have generated the primary data using data gathering procedures and techniques. I have generated the Secondary data with others and will include the case materials, data-sets, and manual or computer databases published by various public and private organizations or maybe the government departments In this research I used the below method of data collection 7.1 Method of collecting data Questionnaire Open ended questionnaire Closed questionnaire Interviews Works Cited COYLE, B. (2000). Mergers and acquisitions. Chicago, Glenlake Pub. http://search.theebscohost.com/login.aspx?directtruescopesitedbnlebkdbnlabkAN=52734. WESTON, J. F., WEAVER, S. C. (2001). Mergers and acquisitions. New York, McGraw-Hill. http://search.ebscohost.comlogin.aspx?directtruescopesitedbnlebkdbnlabkAN=63213. AUERBACH, A. J. (1988). Mergers and acquisitions. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. ROMANEK, B., KRUS, C. M. (2002). Mergers and acquisitions. Oxford, Capstone. http://search.ebscohost.comlogin.aspx?directtruescopesitedbnlebkdb=nlabkAN=71323. FINKELSTEIN, S., COOPER, C. L. (2010). Advances in mergers and acquisitions. United Kingdom, Emerald. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10445340. BRYER, L. G., SIMENSKY, M. (2002). Intellectual property assets in mergers and acquisitions. New York, Wiley. http://search.ebscohost.comlogin.aspx?directtruescopesitedb=nlebkdbnlabkAN=74243. BUONO, A. F., BOWDITCH, J. L. (1989). The human side of mergers and acquisitions: managing collisions between people, cultures, and organizations. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass Publishers. SHERMAN, A. J. (1998). Mergers and acquisitions from A to Z strategic and practical guidance for small- and middle-market buyers and sellers. New York, AMACOM. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?directtruescopesitedbnlebkdbnlabkAN=2045. REZAEE, Z. (2001). Financial institutions, valuations, mergers, and acquisitions the fair value approach. New York, John Wiley. http://public.eblib.com/EBLPublic/PublicView.do?ptiID=117511. ROCK, M. L. (1987). The Mergers and acquisitions handbook. New York, McGraw-Hill.

Property Right free essay sample

In a well-known legal case, a classic conflict of property rights was featured. Red cedar trees, used only for ornamental purposes, carried a disease that could destroy apple orchards within a radius of two miles. There was no known way of curing the disease except by destroying the cedar trees or by ensuring that apple orchards were at least two miles away from the cedar trees. Apply the Coase theorem to this situation. Does it make any difference to the outcome whether the cedar tree owners are entitled to retain their trees or the apple growers are entitled to be free of them? Answer Coarse theorem is a concept in economics, which explains that efficiency in economic activities is best, attained through the full provision and absolute trading feely in property rights. The concept further explains that the most important thing is that everything is owned by someone. It is also based on two fundamental ideas of freedom of choice and zero operation costs. Actually, according to this theorem, there is no much difference created to the results whether the owners of the cedar trees are entitled to retain their trees or the apple growers are entitled to be free of them. The reason is because, what is most important is that both properties are owned by someone. Both parties need to have their property rights respected. If there is a situation that the trees are cut, their ornamental value is lost. Moreover, bringing the apple orchards closer to the trees, within a radius of less than two miles would lead to their eventual destruction. In order to ensure there is freedom of choice as well as the operational costs are minimized, a distance of at least two mile should be maintained between the apple orchards and the cedar trees. This ensures that both property rights hold. Question 2 CH 4 (P. 89) In primitive societies the entitlements to use land were frequently possessory rights rather than ownership rights. Those on the land could use it as they wished, but they could not transfer it to someone else. One could acquire a new plot by simply occupying and using it, leaving the old plot available for someone else. Would this type of entitlement system cause more or less incentive to conserve the land than an ownership entitlement? Why? Would a possessory entitlement system be more efficient in a modern society r primitive society? Why? The concept of land possession involves being entitled to the use of land, which is freely transferable and does not normally have a specified date for termination of title. Nevertheless, possessors of the land are required to make payments only for the value of the land when it is in unimproved situation. It is different from land ownership whereby an individual is legally rec ognized as the rightful owner of the land. A possessory form of land use allows land possessors to use the land and later transfer it to someone else on whatever terms agreed upon. In most cases, little attention is accorded to land conservation measures since people normally focus on overproduction at the expense of the quality of the environment. They focus on making the best use of the land for the time it is entitled to them. In addition, possessory entitlements to land find better application in the primitive societies rather than in the modern one. Sometimes people have been evicted from lands that they have been using for a long period of time thereby causing a lot of confrontations. Therefore, possessory rights to land use cannot be determined legally but is instead determined within a social framework. Question 3 CH3 (P. 62) Certain environmental laws prohibit EPA from considering the costs of meeting various standards when the levels of standards are set. Is this a good thing of â€Å"putting first things first† or simply an unjustifiable waste of resources? Why? Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created by the federal government of United Sates of America with the mandate to protect human wellbeing and the surroundings by implementing enactments passed by the Congress. The responsibilities of this program need considerable income to actualize among other important things. The federal government has continued to support the implementation of the EPA program owing to its priceless benefits. Poor management of natural resources in the recent couple of decades has contributed to degradation of the environment. The cost to rehabilitate and consequently reach the expected standards is exceedingly great. Sometime the cost estimates exceeds the benefits, however, it is never a waste of resources since benefits are eventually realized on the long term. Natural calamities have befallen areas that had experienced excessive destruction of the environment due to imbalances created in natural forces. In order to find an approximate benefit of attaining the standard, the EPA program makes use of the estimation of benefits and expenses of meeting a substitute standard to that of the existing one. In addition, the program uses complicated models of air quality measures to offer a number of estimates that support projected benefits for attaining each of the anticipated standards. Question 4 CH17 (P. 437) Concerned individuals can now seek to reduce their carbon footprint by buying offsets. Air travelers, for example, are now asked if they wish to purchase offsets when they buy their ticket. Is it a complement or substitute for national climate change policy? Why? Purchase of offsets is a complement for national climate change policy. A reduction of carbon footprints by purchase is a way of trying to compensate for the emissions that may be produced elsewhere. However, completely eradicating national climate change policy for purchase offsets can be detrimental to the whole process. To begin with, purchase of offsets is a voluntary activity in which no one is forced to take part in. as a result, only those that feel obliged or even environmentally conscious will take part. At the end of the day, the offsets will not be able to completely cover for the excesses produced. In addition, with the absence of a policy that guides the nation in the fight against climate change will prove quite problematic. With everyone playing their role as they wish in the fight against carbon emissions, the whole process will be chaotic. The producers that may be emitting the carbon into the atmosphere will not have anyone or anything to observe their activities. Without proper guidelines that can govern these producers, more than acceptable levels of carbon may be emitted into the atmosphere. In that case, the offsetting program should only work side to side with the national climate change policy if there are to be any tangible fruits. Question 5 CH16 (P. 411) European countries have relied to a much greater extent on emission charges than has the United States, which seems to be moving toward greater reliance on transferable emission permits. From an efficiency point of view, should the United States follow Europe’s lead and shift the emphasis toward emission charges? Why or why not? From an efficiency point of view, the United States should follow the example of European nations in adopting emission charges. Emission charges have the effect of increasing fuel efficiency thus regulating the amount of emissions. This will force various emitters to opt for the bet alternatives in the market that will reduce the amount of fuel being consumed. Given that there is impending threat in the amount of fuel that will be available to the public in the near future, then this will work to the advantage of everyone involved. Adoption of emission charges swill ensures that the external charges (externalities) will be reflected in the total cost of production. Under the current setup, the producers of various services completely ignore the effect the emissions they produce have on the general population as long as they are making profits. However, charging them emission fees, the producers will be more careful in their production process. They need to produce at maximum efficiency if they are to make any tangible profits. The higher their emissions, the higher the charges in terms of emissions and as a result their profits will be reduced substantially. Efficiency will be key to avoiding large penalties that will corrode all their profits.